New logo introduced atDovetail GamesCreator(s)Platform(s),November 1982; 36 years ago ( 1982-11)December 18, 2014; 4 years ago ( 2014-12-18)Microsoft Flight Simulator (often abbreviated as MSFS or FS) is a series of programs, marketed as, for the, and earlier, the and,. It is one of the longest-running, best-known and most comprehensive home flight simulator programs on the market, it was an early product in the application portfolio and differed significantly from Microsoft's other software, which was largely business-oriented.

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At 35 years it is the longest-running software product line for Microsoft, predating by three years. Microsoft Flight Simulator may be the longest-running series of all time, and has been credited with instigating the emergence of aviation-oriented as the predominant control method for PCs.began the development of Flight Simulator in 1977, his company, initially distributed it for various personal computers. In 1981, Artwick was approached by Microsoft's who was interested in creating a 'definitive game' that would graphically demonstrate the difference between older 8-bit computers, such as the Apple II, and the new 16-bit computers, such as the IBM PC, still in development. In 1982, Artwick's company licensed a version of Flight Simulator for the to Microsoft, which marketed it as Microsoft Flight Simulator 1.00.In 2009 Microsoft, which was the department responsible for creating and maintaining the flight simulator series. In 2014, were granted the rights by Microsoft to port the Gold Edition of Microsoft's to and publish the new title - Flight Simulator X: Steam Edition.Microsoft announced a new installment at E3 in 2019 to be released initially on PC and ported over to the Xbox at a later date. Main article:Microsoft Flight Simulator began as a set of articles written by in 1976 about a program; when the magazine editor said that subscribers wanted to buy the program, Bruce Artwick set to work to create it and incorporated a company called in 1977.

The company began selling flight simulators for several computer platforms, including the,. In 1979 subLOGIC released FS1 Flight Simulator for the.

In 1980, subLOGIC released a version for the, and in 1982 they licensed an version with graphics to Microsoft, which was released as Microsoft Flight Simulator 1.00. It was unusual in that it was not an requiring an, but contained its own operating system, which displaced the installed one as long as the program was running. In the early days of less-than-100% systems, Flight Simulator and were used as unofficial compatibility test software for new PC clone models. SubLOGIC continued to develop for other platforms and ported to the Apple II in 1983, the, and in 1984, and to the and in 1986. Meanwhile, Bruce Artwick left subLOGIC and founded to continue his work on subsequent Microsoft releases, beginning with Microsoft Flight Simulator 3.0 in 1988. Microsoft Flight Simulator reached commercial maturity with version 3.1, and went on to encompass the use of 3D graphics and graphic hardware acceleration.continued to produce newer versions of the flight simulation software, adding features, such as new aircraft types and augmented scenery; the 2000 and 2002 versions were available in 'Standard' and 'Professional' editions, where the latter included more aircraft, tools and scenery options. The 2004 release (version 9) marked the celebration of one hundred years of powered flight and had only one edition.

Flight Simulator X, released in 2006, returned to dual versions with a 'Standard' and a 'Deluxe' edition.The flying area encompasses planet Earth with varying degrees of detail and includes over 24,000 airports. There is an ever-growing list of scenery representing major landmarks and popular cities. Landscape details become sparse as gameplay moves away from population centers within the flight simulator, particularly outside the, although a variety of Web sites offer scenery add-ons to remedy this.The three latest versions incorporate sophisticated weather simulation, along with the ability to download real-world weather data (first available with Flight Simulator 2000).

Additional features in these newer versions include air traffic environments with interactive functions, new aircraft models from the historical to the modern, interactive lessons, challenges and aircraft checklists; the two latest versions of Microsoft Flight Simulator have a 'kiosk mode', which allows the application to be run in electronic located in public places like shopping malls. Microsoft Flight Simulator has a wide selection of upgrades and add-ons, both free and commercial, official and fan-made.Closure of the Aces Game Studio On January 22, 2009, it was reported that the development team was heavily affected by Microsoft's ongoing job cuts, with indications that the entire Microsoft Flight Simulator team had been laid off. Microsoft confirmed the closure of the Aces studio on January 26, 2009, in a post on the official FSInsider Web site. Stating 'This difficult decision was made to align Microsoft's resources with our strategic priorities. Microsoft Flight Simulator X will remain available at retail stores and Web retailers, the Flight Sim community will continue to learn from and encourage one another, and we remain committed to the Flight Simulator franchise for the long term.'

According to former Aces employee Phil Taylor, the shutdown was not due to sales performance of, but due to management issues and delays in project delivery, combined with increased demand for staff. Speculation in the mainstream and gaming media was that future versions could be released as an Internet-based version, or on Microsoft's platform.In October 2009, two (out of over fifty) former members of the Aces Game Studio formed a new game studio called the Cascade Game Foundry for the development of simulation games. Lockheed Martin Prepar3D In 2009 Lockheed Martin announced that they had negotiated with Microsoft to purchase the intellectual property (including source code) for the Microsoft ESP (Enterprise Simulation Platform) product.

Microsoft ESP is the commercial-use version of Flight Simulator X SP2. On May 17, 2010, Lockheed announced that the new product based upon the ESP source code would be called Lockheed Martin Prepar3D (P3D). Lockheed hired members of the original Aces Game Studio team to continue development of the product. Version 1.1 was released in April 2011, with a retail license cost of US$499.

A developer license is also available for a monthly fee of US$9.95. In March 2012, along with the release of version 1.3, the pricing strategy was revised. The Professional edition is now available for US$199, with an Academic License available for US$59.95.After releasing Version 2 in 2013 and Version 3 in 2015, the team released 64-bit Version 4 in May 2017.Dovetail Games On July 9, 2014, announced that Microsoft had granted them rights to develop the next Flight Simulator in the series. Dovetail Games also announced the release of Flight Simulator X: Gold Edition on for late 2014, named Microsoft Flight Simulator X: Steam Edition. Microsoft Flight Simulator X: Steam Edition was released on 18 December 2014, and is a re-release of the FSX Gold Edition, which includes the Deluxe and Acceleration packs and both service packs, it includes 'all standard Steam functionality', and replaces the multiplayer system with Steam's multiplayer system. Flight Sim World In May 2017, Dovetail Games announced Flight Sim World, which released later that month. Only a year later, on April 23, 2018, Dovetail announced end of development of Flight Sim World and the end of sales effective May 15, 2018.

Reboot On June 9, 2019, Microsoft announced a new installment, simply titled Microsoft Flight Simulator, as part of their E3 conference and with a teaser video on their Xbox YouTube channel. On the same day, Microsoft launched a new website for the title and opened registration for a public alpha and early forum access for members of the Xbox Insider Program; the new version features tight integration of satellite data and Microsoft's own Azure AI into the simulator's engine to generate near photorealistic graphics. Release date, pricing, and other features are yet to be announced; the simulator will be released in 2020 on Xbox and PC.Version history. Main article:Microsoft Flight Simulator X is the most recent version of Microsoft Flight Simulator, it includes a graphics engine upgrade and compatibility with preview. It was released on October 17, 2006, in North America.

There are two versions of the game, both on two DVDs; the 'Deluxe' edition contains the new integrated flight instrument system in three cockpits, additional aircraft, and missions, Tower Control capability in multiplayer mode, higher detail scenery for cities and airports and a Software Development Kit (SDK) for development. The main improvements are graphical.Microsoft has also released a Flight Simulator X Demo, which contains three aircraft, two airports, and two missions, it is compatible with Windows XP SP2 and Windows Vista.Microsoft Flight Simulator X: Steam Edition On December 18, 2014, released Flight Simulator X on titled Microsoft Flight Simulator X: Steam Edition, it includes content that was provided with the original FSX: Gold Edition which includes FSX: Deluxe Edition, the Acceleration expansion pack and both official Service Packs and repackages them in one bundle and a single installation. The Steam Edition includes an overhaul of the multiplayer support to go through Steam rather than the now-defunct, improved stability on and, and features minor performance tweaks including a complete recompile using.Additionally, Dovetail Games has worked with existing developers and publishers to distribute their content on Steam as DLC. Currently, there are over 100 add-ons for FSX: Steam Edition from over 35 developers available on the Steam store including Aerosoft, Orbx Simulation Systems, Real Environment Xtreme (REX), Carenado, Virtavia, and others.Microsoft Flight. Main article:In August 2013, Microsoft announced they would be closing the Xbox.com PC Marketplace on August 22, 2013, and ceasing sale of all content on the marketplace.

Previously purchased items would still be usable, but acquiring new items through the marketplace would be eliminated; the Microsoft Flight software may still be downloadable, however content will not be available for purchase. Microsoft Flight Simulator (2020) At, Microsoft revealed that they will be bringing back the Flight Simulator series with an updated release, featuring Microsoft's Azure AI; the new flight simulator includes 4K ground satellite textures and aircraft.

The title is due to be released in 2020; this is Microsoft's first simulator since Flight Simulator X in 2006 and Microsoft Flight in 2012. This will also be the first of the Microsoft Flight Simulator series to not be PC exclusive, as this installment is also launching on the Xbox One.Add-ons, customisation and community involvement. See also:The long history and consistent popularity of Flight Simulator has encouraged a very large body of add-on packages to be developed as both commercial and volunteer ventures. A formal and other tools for the simulator exist to further facilitate third-party efforts, and some third parties have also learned to 'tweak' the simulator in various ways by trial and error; as for number of add-ons, tweaks, and modifications FS can accommodate solely depends on the users hardware setup. The number is not limited by the simulator, and when multiple computers are linked together with multiple monitors and 3rd party software and controls, Flight Sim Enthusiasts can build their own realistic home cockpits.Aircraft. A PMDG of 'American Flight Airways'; in AFA Express colorsIndividual attributes of Flight Simulator aircraft that can be customized include: cockpit layout, cockpit image, aircraft model, aircraft model textures, aircraft flight characteristics, scenery models, scenery layouts and scenery textures, often with simple-to-use programs, or only a text editor such as 'Notepad'.

Dedicated 'flightsimmers' have taken advantage of Flight Simulator's vast add-on capabilities, having successfully linked Flight Simulator to homebuilt hardware, some of which approaches the complexity of commercial full-motion flight simulators.The simulator's aircraft are made up of five parts:. The model, which is a 3D CAD-style model of the aircraft's exterior and virtual cockpit, if applicable.

Models consist of two distinct sections - the main chassis or 'core', and accessories or dynamic parts, such as the landing gear or ailerons. The textures, bitmap images which the game layers onto the model. These can be easily edited (known as repainting), so that a model can adopt any paint scheme imaginable, fictional or real. The sounds, literally what the aircraft sounds like.

This is determined by defining which WAV files the aircraft uses as its sound-set. The panel, a representation of the aircraft's cockpit. This includes one or more bitmap images of the panel, instrument gauge files, and sometimes its own sounds.

The FDE, or Flight Dynamics Engine. FS2004 in the UK with VFR photo scenery and terrain additional componentsScenery add-ons usually involve replacements for existing airports, with enhanced and more accurate detail, or large expanses of highly detailed ground scenery for specific regions of the world; some types of scenery add-on replace or add structures to the simulator.

Both freeware and payware scenery add-ons are very widely available. Airport enhancements, for example, range from simple add-ons that update runways or taxiways to very elaborate packages that reproduce every lamp, pavement marking, and structure at an airport with near-total accuracy, including animated effects such as baggage cars or marshalling agents.

Wide-area scenery enhancements may use detailed satellite photos and 3-D structures to closely reproduce real-world regions, particularly those including large cities, landmarks, or spectacular natural wonders.Flight networks Virtual flight networks such as, and as well as use special, small add-on modules for Flight Simulator to enable connection to their proprietary networks in multiplayer mode, and to allow for voice and text communication with other virtual pilots and controllers over the network; these networks allow players to enjoy and enhance realism in their game. These networks are for ATC (air traffic control).Miscellaneous Some utilities, such as FSUIPC, merely provide useful tweaks for the simulator to overcome design limitations or bugs, or to allow more extensive interfacing with other third-party add-ons. (Press release). Retrieved 2009-02-15. Stokker, Serban (2006-09-18). Retrieved 2009-02-15.

^ Lai, Eric (2009-01-25). Retrieved 2009-02-15. Bill Gates licensed Flight Simulator from its original developer, subLogic.

'Get a Grip!!!: Joysticks Past, Present & Future'. P. 38. Gulick, Charles (1987). Retrieved 2009-02-05. Remo, Chris (2009-01-22).

Retrieved 2009-01-22. Plunkett, Luke (2009-01-22). Retrieved 2009-01-22. Retrieved 2009-01-09. Taylor, Phil (2009-01-26). Future GPU Thoughts and Musings.

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Li, Eric (2009-01-23). Retrieved 2009-01-23. Press Release: Cascade Game Foundry Forges Ahead, Opens New Simulation Game Development Studio, October 12, 2009 ( 2009-10-12). Retrieved 2019-06-10. Archived from on 2011-07-08.

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Retrieved 12 May 2012.External links. – An official Microsoft site. at. can be played for free in the browser at the. Amateur flight simulation refers to the simulation of various aspects of flight or the flight environment for purposes other than flight training or aircraft development.

A significant community of simulation enthusiasts is supported by several commercial software packages, as well as commercial and hardware. Prior to the rise of video games, produced games that resembles video games, but were in fact games that used rear image projection in a manner similar to a to produce moving animations on a screen. One such electro-mechanical game by Sega was Jet Rocket, a first-person featuring controls that could move the player aircraft around a landscape displayed on a screen and shoot missiles onto targets that explode when hit.

In 1975, released a simulator video game, a crude arcade first-person combat flight simulator that involved using an eight-way to aim with a and shoot at enemy aircraft that move in formations of two and scale in size depending on their distance to the player.Flight simulators were among the first types of programs to be developed for early personal computers. Bruce Artwick's simulators were well known for the functionality they managed to get onto machines. Key computer game technologies such as 3D graphics, online play, were first showcased in combat flight simulators such as and; the game world in flight simulators is based on the real world. However, they are confined to one part of the game world by invisible boundaries. In some games, the aircraft halts in midair, while other games force the player to turn around. However, many games solve this boundary problem by wrapping the game world as a sphere.

Although these games strive for a great deal of, they simplify or abstract certain elements to reach a wider audience. Many modern fighter aircraft have hundreds of controls, flight simulator games simplify these controls drastically. Further, certain maneuvers can knock a pilot unconscious or rip their aircraft apart, but games do not always implement these concerns.A popular type of flight simulator are combat flight simulators, which simulate combat air operations from the pilot and crew's point of view. Combat flight simulation titles are more numerous than civilian flight simulators due to variety of subject matter available and market demand. In the early 2000s home entertainment flight simulators had become so realistic that after the, some journalists and experts speculated that the hijackers might have gained enough knowledge to steer a passenger from packages such as., while rebutting such criticisms, delayed the release of the 2002 version of its hallmark simulator to delete the from its scenery and supplied a patch to delete the towers retroactively from earlier versions of the sim; the advent of flight simulators as home video game entertainment has prompted many users to become 'airplane designers' for these systems. As such, they may create both military or commercial airline airplanes, they may use names of real life airlines, as long as they don't make profits out of their designs.Many other home flight simulator users create fictional airlines, or virtual versions of real-world airlines, so called virtual airlines. These modifications to a simulation add to the simulation's realism and grant a expanded playing experience, with new situations and content.

In some cases, a simulation is taken much further in regards to its features than was envisioned or intended by its original developers. Falcon 4.0 is an example of such modification. One way that users of flight simulation software engage is through the internet. Virtual pilots and virtual air traffic controllers take part in an online flying experience which attempts to simulate real-world aviation to a high degree. There are four networks where this sort of play is possible, the most popular ones being and; the virtual airspace provided by both organizations provides users a low barrier of entry. This allows any member, regardless of skill, the ability to fly without worrying if something goes wrong; the provided airspace on both networks covers the entire globe, VATSIM is regarded to have better coverage of and, while at IVAO pilots and controllers fly and control in Africa and, in addition to.Both networks receive anywhere from 600 to 900 pilot connections daily.

Much rarer but still notable are flight simulators available for various game consoles. Successful examples of these are the series by and the series. While not as complex as PC based simulators, console flight simulators can still be enjoyable to play, though their'simulation' status is disputed by many in the flight simulation community. Referred to as Simpits, home building is a common hobby among simulator pilots. Simpits range in complexity from a single computer, with some effort to create a permanent area for simulation, through to complete cockpit reconstruction projects utilizing multiple systems; the growth in home cockpit complexity and realism has been further fueled by the opening up of the simulation software packages with published now common.

The push for higher realism in desktop simulation fueled by real pilots looking to practice cheaply at home, has led to a wide array of suppliers. A video game genre is a classification assigned to a video game based on its gameplay interaction rather than visual or narrative differences. A video game genre is defined by a set of gameplay challenges and are classified independently of their setting or game-world content, unlike other works of fiction such as films or books.

For example, a shooter game is still a shooter game, regardless of when it takes place; as with nearly all varieties of genre classification, the matter of any individual video game's specific genre is open to personal interpretation. Moreover, each individual game may belong to several genres at once; the first attempt to classify different genres of video games was made by in his book in 1984. In this book, Crawford focused on the player's experience and activities required for gameplay.

Here, he stated that 'the state of computer game design is changing quickly. We would therefore expect the taxonomy presented to become obsolete or inadequate in a short time.' Since among other genres, the and 3D shooter genres, which hardly existed at the time, have gained a lot of popularity. As hardware capabilities have increased, new genres have become possible, with examples being increased memory, the move from 2D to 3D, new peripherals and location. Though genres were just interesting for game studies in the 1980s, the business of video games expanded in the 1990s and both smaller and independent publishers had little chance of surviving; because of this, games settled more into set genres that larger publishers and retailers could use for marketing. Due to 'direct and active participation' of the player, video game genres differ from literary and film genres. Though one could state that is a video game, such a classification 'ignores the differences and similarities which are to be found in the player's experience of the game.'

In contrast to the visual of games, which can vary it is argued that it is interactivity characteristics that are common to all games.Descriptive names of genres take into account the goals of the game, the and the perspective offered to the player. For example, a is a game, played from a first-person perspective and involves the practice of shooting; the term 'subgenre' may be used to refer to a category within a genre to further specify the genre of the game under discussion.

Whereas 'shooter game' is a genre name, 'first-person shooter' and ' are common subgenres of the shooter genre. Other examples of such prefixes are real-time, turn based,; the target audience, underlying theme or purpose of a game are sometimes used as a genre identifier, such as with 'games for girls,' games for cats,'Christian game' and 'Serious game' respectively.

However, because these terms do not indicate anything about the gameplay of a video game, these are not considered genres. Video game genres vary in specificity, with popular video game reviews using genre names varying from 'action' to 'baseball.' In this practice, basic themes and more fundamental characteristics are used alongside each other. A game may combine aspects of multiple genres in such a way that it becomes hard to classify under existing genres. For example, because combined shooting and roleplaying in an unusual way, it was hard to classify using existing terms. Since the term has been used to describe games mechanically similar to Grand Theft Auto III; the term has been developed for games that share similarities with Rogue. Elements of the role-playing genre, which focuses on storytelling and character growth, have been implemented in many different genres of video games; this is because the addition of a story and character enhancement to an action, strategy or video game does not take away from its core gameplay, but adds an incentive other than survival to the experience.

According to some analysts, the count of each broad genre in the best selling physical games worldwide is broken down as follows.The most popular genres are Shooter, Role-playing and Sports, with Platformer and Racing having both declined in the last decade. Puzzle games have declined when measured by sales, however, on mobile, where the majority of games are, this genre remains the most popular worldwide. List of video game genres. Is a line of eighth generation home video game consoles developed.

Announced in May 2013, it is the third console in the family, it was first released in, parts of and in November 2013, in and other European countries in September 2014. It is the first Xbox game console to be released in in the. Microsoft marketed the device as an 'all-in-one entertainment system', hence the name'Xbox One'; the Xbox One line competes against consoles such as Sony's and Nintendo's and Switch. Moving away from its predecessor's PowerPC-based architecture, Xbox One marks a shift back to the x86 architecture used in the original Xbox. Xbox One's controller was redesigned over the Xbox 360's, with a redesigned body, triggers capable of delivering directional feedback; the console places an increased emphasis on cloud computing, as well as social networking features, the ability to record and share video clips or screenshots from gameplay, or directly to streaming services such as Mixer and Twitch.Games can be played off-console via a local area network on supported Windows 10 devices. The console can play, overlay live television programming from an existing set-top box or a digital tuner for digital television with an enhanced program guide; the console optionally included a redesigned sensor, marketed as the 'Kinect 2.0', providing improved motion tracking and voice recognition. Xbox One received positive reviews for its refined controller design, multimedia features, voice navigation, its quieter and cooler design was praised for making the console more reliable than its predecessor on-launch, but the console was criticized for running games at a technically lower graphical level than the PlayStation 4.

Its original user interface was panned for being nonintuitive, although changes made to it and other aspects of the console's software post-launch received positive reception, its Kinect received praise for its improved motion-tracking accuracy, its face recognition logins, its voice commands.The original Xbox One model was succeeded by Xbox One S in 2016, which has a smaller form factor and support for high-dynamic-range video, as well as support for 4K video playback and of games from to 4K. It was praised for its smaller size, its on-screen visual improvements, its lack of an external power supply, but its regressions such as the lack of a native Kinect port were noted. A high-end model, Xbox One X, was released in November. Xbox One is the successor to Xbox 360, Microsoft's previous video game console, introduced in 2005 as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles.

Over the years, the 360 had received a number of small hardware revisions to reduce the unit's size and improve its reliability. In 2010, Microsoft's stated. Initial hardware for the 360's successor referred to by the industry as the 'Xbox 720', was under development as early as May 2011; the official developer kit was codenamed, appeared to be available to developers by mid-2012.Leaked documents suggested that the new console would include an improved Kinect sensor, cloud access to games and media, integration with phone and tablet devices, technology to provide players heads-up displays on glasses worn by the player, codenamed '. Leaked design documents suggested that Microsoft was seeking to eliminate the ability to play used games, though Microsoft clarified it was still reviewing the design and were 'thinking about what is next and how we can push the boundaries of technology like we did with Kinect', but did not comment on the validity of the information; the console was publicly unveiled under the name on May 21, 2013 in a press conference designed to cover the unit's broad multimedia and social capabilities. A second press event for the console was held during E3 2013, focusing on its video game-oriented functionality.

At that time, announced that the console would be released in 21 different markets on November 22, 2013, but this was amended down to 13.The change, which pushed the release date for the other eight markets to 2014, was attributed to unforeseen complexity in localizing the device's voice recognition capabilities. In September 2014, the Xbox One was released in 26 markets, including remaining markets in, the Japanese market, markets. Microsoft announced a different game licensing scheme for Xbox One than what was used upon its release: all games, including those purchased at retail, would be bound to the user's account. Users could access their purchased games from any other Xbox One console, play games without their disc once installed, allow users to 'share' their games with up to ten designated 'family' members. Users would trade games at 'participating retailers', could transfer a game directly to any Xbox Live friend on their list for at least 30 days, but only once. To synchronize licenses, the console would be required to connect to the internet once every 24 hours.

Game Studios known as, Microsoft Game Studios, Microsoft Games, is a division of based in. It was established in March 2000, spun out from an internal Games Group, for the development and publishing of video games for, it has since expanded to include games and other interactive entertainment for the Xbox platforms, and other mobile platforms, web-based portals. As the studio grew, it has acquired and relinquished ownership of several other studios, is the parent organization of thirteen other studios. Prior to the formation of a dedicated game division, Microsoft had its own Games Group, had made some acquisitions for developers and titles; this included the acquisition of in 1999 for its game series, the same year for its Links series of golf games, Aces, which worked on the games. The Games Group had established long-term publishing deals with developers like,.Under Microsoft, FASA Interactive was renamed FASA Studio, Access Software became Salt Lake Games Studio.

Is a 1983 video game published. Flight Simulator II is a flight simulator sequel to FS1. After the release of subLOGIC's for the, subLOGIC its improvements to other computers as Flight Simulator II; this version, like the release, did away with graphics for solid colors, featured real-world scenery. It introduced simulator add-ons, although not in the form it is today, as subLOGIC included functionality to load additional scenery from floppy disks, thus making it possible for a user to fly in his or her own backyard.

Flight Simulator II was released in December 1983 for. In 1984 praised Flight Simulator II for the Apple as 'a complicated but exhilarating game. Has done it all', stated that it was superior to Microsoft's version. II Computing listed it ninth on the magazine's list of top Apple II games as of late 1985, based on sales and market-share data, it was subLogic's best-selling Commodore game as of late 1987.In 1996, declared Flight Simulator II the 79th-best computer game released.

The Micro Computer System is a desktop launched in 1977 and sold by through their stores. The name is an abbreviation of, it is one of mass-marketed retail home computers. The TRS-80 has a full-stroke, the Zilog Z80 processor, 4 KB standard memory, small size and desk footprint, BASIC programming language, standard 64-character/line video monitor, a starting price of US$600. An extensive line of upgrades and add-on hardware peripherals for the TRS-80 was developed and marketed by Tandy/RadioShack; the basic system can be expanded with up to 48 KB of RAM, up to four floppy disk drives and/or hard disk drives. Tandy/RadioShack provided full-service support including upgrade and training services in their thousands of stores worldwide. By 1979, the TRS-80 had the largest selection of software in the microcomputer market; until 1982, the TRS-80 was the best-selling PC line, outselling the series by a factor of five according to one analysis.In mid-1980, the broadly compatible TRS-80 Model III was released. The Model I was discontinued shortly thereafter due to stricter FCC regulations on radio-frequency interference to nearby electronic devices.

In April 1983 the Model III was succeeded by the compatible Model 4. Following the original Model I and its compatible descendants, the TRS-80 name became a generic brand used on other technically unrelated computer lines sold by Tandy, including the, TRS-80 Model 2000,. In the mid-1970s, Tandy Corporation's RadioShack division was a successful American chain of more than 3,000 electronics stores. After buyer purchased a kit computer, he began designing his own and showed it to vice president of manufacturing. Although the design did not impress Roach, the idea of selling a microcomputer did; when the two men visited in in mid-1976, Steve Leininger's expertise on the microprocessor impressed them.National executives refused to provide Leininger's contact information when French and Roach wanted to hire him as a consultant, but they found Leininger working part-time at and he and French began working together in June 1976. The company envisioned a kit, but Leininger persuaded the others that because 'too many people can't ', a preassembled computer would be better. Tandy had 11 million customers that might buy a microcomputer, but it would be much more expensive than the US$30 median price of a RadioShack product, a great risk for the company.

Executives feared losing money as did with, many opposed the project; as the popularity of CB radio—at one point comprising more than 20% of RadioShack's sales—declined, the company sought new products. In December 1976 French and Leininger received official approval for the project but were told to emphasize cost savings. In February 1977 they showed their prototype, running a simple tax-accounting program, to, head of Tandy Corporation.The program crashed as the computer could not handle the US$150,000 figure that Tandy typed in as his salary, the two men added support for floating-point math to its to prevent a recurrence. After the demonstration Tandy revealed that he had leaked the computer's existence to the press, so the project was approved.

Sold 1,000 Altairs in February 1975, was selling 10,000 a year. Leininger and French suggested that RadioShack could sell 50,000 computers, but others disagreed and suggested 1,000 to 3,000 per year at the target US$199 price. Roach persuaded Tandy to agree to build 3,500—the number of RadioShack stores—so that each store could use a computer for inventory purposes if they did not sell. Having spent less than US$150,000 on development, RadioShack announced the at a press conference on August 3, 1977, it cost a tape as storage. The company hoped that the new computer would help RadioShack sell higher-priced products, improve its 'schlocky' image among customers.Small businesses were the primary target market, followed by educators consumers and hobbyists. Although the press conference did not receive much media attention because of a terrorist bombing elsewhere in the city, the computer received much more publicity at the Faire in two days later.

A front-page article discussed the novelty of a large consumer-electronics company selling a home computer that could 'do a payroll for up to 15 people in a small business, teach children, store your favorite recipes or keep track of an investment portfolio, it can play cards.' Six of mail arrived at Tandy headquarters asking about the computer, over 15,000 people called to purchase a TRS-80—paralyzing the company switchboard—and 250,000 joined the waiting list with a $100 deposit. Despite the internal skepticism, RadioShack aggressively entered the. Application software is software designed to perform a group of coordinated functions, tasks, or activities for the benefit of the user.

Examples of an application include a word processor, a, an accounting application, a web browser, an email client,a media player, a file viewer, an aeronautical flight simulator, a console game or a photo editor; the collective noun application software refers to all applications collectively. This contrasts with system software, involved with running the computer. Applications may be bundled with the computer and its system software or published separately, may be coded as, or university projects. Apps built for mobile platforms are called mobile apps. In information technology, an application, application program or software application is a computer program designed to help people perform an activity. An application thus differs from an operating system, a utility, a programming tool.

Depending on the activity for which it was designed, an application can manipulate text, audio, graphics, or a combination of these elements.Some application packages focus on a single task, such as word processing. User-written software tailors systems to meet the user's specific needs.

User-written software includes spreadsheet templates, word processor, scientific simulations, audio and animation scripts. Email filters are a kind of user software. Users create this software themselves and overlook how important it is; the delineation between system software such as operating systems and application software is not exact, is the object of controversy. For example, one of the key questions in the Corp.

Trial was whether Microsoft's web browser was part of its Windows operating system or a separable piece of application software. As another example, the naming controversy is, in part, due to disagreement about the relationship between the Linux kernel and the operating systems built over this kernel. In some types of embedded systems, the application software and the operating system software may be indistinguishable to the user, as in the case of software used to control a VCR, DVD player or oven.The above definitions may exclude some applications that may exist on some computers in large organizations. For an alternative definition of an app: see; the word 'application', once used as an, is not restricted to the 'of or pertaining to application software' meaning. For example, concepts such as application programming interface, application server, application, and portable application apply to all computer programs alike, not just application software; some applications are available in versions for several different platforms.

Sometimes a new and popular application arises which only runs on one platform, increasing the desirability of that platform; this is called a killer killer app. For example, was the first modern spreadsheet software for the and helped selling the then-new personal computers into offices.

For it was their email software. In recent years, the shortened term 'app' has become popular to refer to applications for mobile devices such as and tablets, the shortened form matching their smaller scope compared to applications on PCs.More the shortened version is used for desktop application software as well.

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There are many different and not alternative ways in order to order and classify application software. By the legal point of view, application software is classified with a black box approach, in relation to the rights of its final end-users or subscribers. Software applications are classified in respect of the programming language in which the source code is written or executed, respect of their purpose and outputs. Application software is distinguished among two main classes: closed source vs open source software applications, among free or proprietary software applications. Proprietary software is placed under the exclusive copyright, a software license grants limited usage rights; the open-closed principle states that software may be 'open only for extension, but not for modification'. Such applications can only get add-on by third-parties. Shall be run, sold or extended for any purpose, -being open- shall be modified or reversed in the same way.FOSS software applications released under a free license may be perpetual.

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The owner, the holder or third-party of any right are entitled to add exceptions, time decays or expiring dates to the license terms of use. Public-domain software is a type of FOSS, royalty-free and - or reservedly- can be run, modified, republished or created in derivative works without any copyright attribution and therefore revocation, it can be sold, but without transferring the public domain property to other single subjects. Public-domain SW can be released under an licensing legal statement, which enforces those terms and conditions for an indefinite duration (for a lifetime,.